Sunday, January 29, 2012
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
CITATION AND REFERENCING
What is APA Style, and Why Use It?
► American Psychological Association
► Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals
► Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Nursing)
► Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by those who assess or publish them
Documentation
► Refers to the References list at the end of the paper
► The List
is labeled References (centered, no font changes)
starts at the top of a new page
continues page numbering from the last page of text
is alphabetical
is double spaced
Uses a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from the Paragraph dialog box in MS Word)
Documenting Authors
► One Author:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).
► Two Authors:
Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).
► Three to Six Authors
Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T. (2005).
► More than Six Authors
Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S., et al. (2002).
► Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source title and add a letter to the year (1984a).
Documenting Books
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of book. City: Publisher.
Sample:
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopedia
This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.
Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Article in a Popular Magazine
Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)
Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.
Documenting Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page numbers.
Sample:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through reflective writing. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(3), 208-213.
Documenting Online Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Sample:
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Print and Online:
Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.
Documenting Websites
Model for an authored document that is a whole site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address
Model for an authored page/article from a site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title of Site. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Sample (no author, article found on resource website):
Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007). Answers4Families. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://nncf.unl.edu/ nurses/info/anniversary.html
No Author? List page title or article title first.
No page title? List site title.
Interviews, Emails, and Other Personal Communication
Personal communication is NOT included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Motion Picture
Basic reference list format:
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).
A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability
Sample:
Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability
Sample:
Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)
Television Broadcast or Series Episode
Model:
Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [ Television broadcast or Television series ]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.
YouTube
(Note that titles are not italicized)
Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
Television Broadcast
Sample:
Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour[Television broadcast]. New York, NY: Central Broadcasting Service.
A Television Series
Sample:
Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.
Music Recording
Model:
Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).
Sample:
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.
Electronic Books
Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name.
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0
Blog (Weblog)
Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.
J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
Government Document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
► Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.
► In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).
► A simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.
► Limited signal, everything in citation
. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
► Author and year in signal, page in citation
In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).
According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) states that ...... (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) suggests that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) indicates that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) points out that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) presents evidence which shows that ..... (p. 103)
► Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)
Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown that . . .
► No Author
("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).
According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991) … end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).
► No Page Number
Provide other information in signal phrase
References
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase
Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://apastyle.apa.org
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html
► American Psychological Association
► Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals
► Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Nursing)
► Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by those who assess or publish them
Documentation
► Refers to the References list at the end of the paper
► The List
is labeled References (centered, no font changes)
starts at the top of a new page
continues page numbering from the last page of text
is alphabetical
is double spaced
Uses a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from the Paragraph dialog box in MS Word)
Documenting Authors
► One Author:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).
► Two Authors:
Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).
► Three to Six Authors
Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T. (2005).
► More than Six Authors
Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S., et al. (2002).
► Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source title and add a letter to the year (1984a).
Documenting Books
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of book. City: Publisher.
Sample:
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopedia
This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.
Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Article in a Popular Magazine
Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)
Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.
Documenting Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page numbers.
Sample:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through reflective writing. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(3), 208-213.
Documenting Online Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Sample:
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Print and Online:
Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.
Documenting Websites
Model for an authored document that is a whole site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address
Model for an authored page/article from a site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title of Site. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Sample (no author, article found on resource website):
Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007). Answers4Families. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://nncf.unl.edu/ nurses/info/anniversary.html
No Author? List page title or article title first.
No page title? List site title.
Interviews, Emails, and Other Personal Communication
Personal communication is NOT included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Motion Picture
Basic reference list format:
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).
A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability
Sample:
Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability
Sample:
Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)
Television Broadcast or Series Episode
Model:
Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [ Television broadcast or Television series ]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.
YouTube
(Note that titles are not italicized)
Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
Television Broadcast
Sample:
Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour[Television broadcast]. New York, NY: Central Broadcasting Service.
A Television Series
Sample:
Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.
Music Recording
Model:
Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).
Sample:
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.
Electronic Books
Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name.
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0
Blog (Weblog)
Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.
J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
Government Document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
► Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.
► In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).
► A simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.
► Limited signal, everything in citation
. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
► Author and year in signal, page in citation
In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).
According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) states that ...... (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) suggests that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) indicates that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) points out that ..... (p. 103)
Krepp (1985) presents evidence which shows that ..... (p. 103)
► Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)
Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown that . . .
► No Author
("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).
According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991) … end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).
► No Page Number
Provide other information in signal phrase
References
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase
Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://apastyle.apa.org
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html
Thursday, January 12, 2012
THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS
In order to give a better speech, you need to understand what goes on during the process of communication. There are seven elements that we need to consider –
1. Sender (Speaker)
2. Message
3. Channel
4. Receiver (Listener)
5. Feedback
6. Interference
7. Environment (Situation)
SENDER
The sender is the speaker. A sender starts with what message he or she wishes to express and then must encode that idea into symbols (words) and signs (facial expressions, tone of voice, etc).
Your success as a public speaker depends on:
• Knowledge of the subject
• Your personal credibility
• Your preparation
• Your manner of speaking
• Your sensitivity to the audience and environment
• ENTHUSIASM!
MESSAGE
The message is whatever a sender (speaker) communicates to someone else (receiver).
• Your goal - to have your intended message be the message that is actually communicated.
• This depends on what you say (verbally) and how you say it (body language)
• Body language involves tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression and eye contact.
• Make sure your body language does not distract from your verbal message.
• All messages are carried by a channel.
CHANNEL
• The channel is the means by which a message is communicated.
• For example the telephone, face-to-face, radio, television, email, etc.
• Public speakers may use one or more of several channels, each of which will affect the message received by the audience.
RECEIVER
• The receiver is the listener. The receiver receives the communicated message through the channel.
• Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s frame of reference.
A frame of reference is the total of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same of reference, so the meaning of a message will be never be the same to a listener as to a speaker.
• A speaker must be audience-centered.
FEEDBACK
• Feedback is the signs the receivers projects while the sender is sending a message.
• Feedback allows the sender to know how his or her message is being received.
• Feedback is affected by one’s frame of reference.
INTERFERENCE
• Anything that impedes the communication of a message.
• It can be external or internal.
• External interference – traffic from outside the building, the clatter of the air-conditioner, students talking in the corridors, etc.
• Internal interference – a bite from a mosquito, worrying about a test coming up in the next period, a stomachache, etc.
• As a speaker, you must try to hold on to your listener’s attention despite these interferences.
ENVIRONMENT
• The environment is the time, place and emotional context the communication takes place in.
• Environments can place expectation and constraints on communication.
• Public speakers must be alert to the situation and occasion. Certain ceremonies need special speeches.
• Physical setting is also important – indoor, outdoor, in a small classroom, in a gymnasium, etc.
