CITATION AND REFERENCING

What is APA Style, and Why Use It?

► American Psychological Association
► Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals
► Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Nursing)
► Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by those who assess or publish them



Documentation

► Refers to the References list at the end of the paper
► The List
 is labeled References (centered, no font changes)
 starts at the top of a new page
 continues page numbering from the last page of text
 is alphabetical
 is double spaced
 Uses a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from the Paragraph dialog box in MS Word)



Documenting Authors

► One Author:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).

► Two Authors:
Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).

► Three to Six Authors
Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T. (2005).

► More than Six Authors
Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S., et al. (2002).

► Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source title and add a letter to the year (1984a).


Documenting Books

Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of book. City: Publisher.

Sample:
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.



Article or chapter in an edited book

Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.



Entry in an encyclopedia

This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.
Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.



Article in a Popular Magazine

Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.



Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)

Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.



Documenting Journals

Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page numbers.

Sample:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through reflective writing. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(3), 208-213.



Documenting Online Journals

Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Sample:
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html


Print and Online:
Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.


Documenting Websites

Model for an authored document that is a whole site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address

Model for an authored page/article from a site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title of Site. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Sample (no author, article found on resource website):
Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007). Answers4Families. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://nncf.unl.edu/ nurses/info/anniversary.html

No Author? List page title or article title first.

No page title? List site title.



Interviews, Emails, and Other Personal Communication

Personal communication is NOT included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).



Motion Picture

Basic reference list format:
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).



A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability

Sample:

Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.



A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability

Sample:

Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)



Television Broadcast or Series Episode

Model:

Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [ Television broadcast or Television series ]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

YouTube
(Note that titles are not italicized)

Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY



Television Broadcast
Sample:

Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour[Television broadcast]. New York, NY: Central Broadcasting Service.



A Television Series

Sample:

Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.



Music Recording

Model:

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

Sample:
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.



Electronic Books

Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name.
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0



Blog (Weblog)

Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.

J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport




Government Document

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.



Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation


► Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.
► In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).
► A simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.
► Limited signal, everything in citation
. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).

" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).


► Author and year in signal, page in citation

In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).

Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).

According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).

Krepp (1985) states that ...... (p. 103).

Krepp (1985) suggests that ..... (p. 103)

Krepp (1985) indicates that ..... (p. 103)

Krepp (1985) points out that ..... (p. 103)

Krepp (1985) presents evidence which shows that ..... (p. 103)


► Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)

Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown that . . .

► No Author
("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).

According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991) … end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).

► No Page Number
Provide other information in signal phrase



References

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.

APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase

Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://apastyle.apa.org

Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html